Evaluación de la reducción de las emisiones de CO2; a partir del potencial de explotación de la energía geotérmica somera. Estudio de caso de la ciudad de València

[ES] Esta tesis describirá los procedimientos y los métodos que permitirán evaluar el potencial geotérmico somero de la ciudad de Valenicia entendida como los beneficios económicos y ambientales que se pueden lograr aumentando la explotación geotérmica somera en tres escenarios diferentes, con un nivel diferente de tecnología. penetración, según la situación del resto de países europeos. La bomba de calor geotérmica permitirá satisfacer la demanda de H&C y ACS de los edificios de una manera más eficiente en comparación con las tecnologías tradicionales La parte inicial introducirá la fuente de energía, desde su definición hasta el listado de las ventajas de su explotación. Luego se describirán las diferentes tecnologías utilizadas en este campo, introduciendo la posibilidad de solución híbrida y almacenamiento H&C estacional. El procedimiento evaluará la reducción de GEI obtenida gracias al aprovechamiento de la energía geotérmica somera pero también se evaluarán otros indicadores: - sobre terreno: se analizarán las propiedades del terreno necesarias para definir la perforabilidad - sobre el clima: se definirá la carga de construcción de H&C que debe satisfacerse - sobre economía: se evaluarán las factibilidades económicas del proyecto mediante el cálculo de algunos indicadores - sobre el medio ambiente: se definirá el ahorro de energía en comparación con la tecnología actual. Es dado por los diferentes COP. A partir de la energía ahorrada se evaluará la emisión equivalente de GEI ahorrada. Esos indicadores ayudarán a definir las áreas de la ciudad más adecuadas para aplicar la bomba de calor geotérmica. El procedimiento se explicará paso a paso y luego se implementará para los tres niveles de penetración. La conclusión resumirá el resultado de los resultados señalando cómo se pueden utilizar los indicadores para ayudar al Ayuntamiento de Valencia a tomar decisiones sobre la extracción geotérmica superficial en la ciudad.[EN] This thesis will describe the procedures and the methods that will allows to evaluate the shallow geothermal potential of the city of Valencia intended as the economic and environmental benefits that can be achieved increasing the shallow geothermal exploitation in three different scenarios, with a different level of technology penetration, according to the other European countries situation. Geothermal heat pump will allow to satisfy H&C and DHW buildings demand in a more efficient way compared to the traditional technologies The initial part will introduce the energy source, from its definition to the listing of the pros of its exploitation. Then will be described the different technologies used on this field, introducing the possibility of hybrid solution and seasonal H&C storage. The procedure will evaluate GHG reduction obtained thanks to the exploitation of shallow geothermal energy but as well will be evaluated other indicators: - about ground: will be analyzed the ground properties necessary to define the drillability - about clime: will be defined the H&C building load that has to be satisfied - about economics: will be evaluated the economical feasibility of the project by calculating some indicators - about environment: will be defined the energy saves compared to the actual technology. It is given by the different COP. From the energy saves will be evaluate the equivalent GHG emission saved. Those indicators will help to define the most suitable city areas in which to apply geothermal heat pump. The procedure will be explained step by step and then implemented for the three level of penetration. The conclusion will summarize the result of the results pointing on how the indicators can be utilized to help the City de Valencia to make decisions about the shallow geothermal extraction in the city.Pin, A. (2022). Evaluación de la reducción de las emisiones de CO2; a partir del potencial de explotación de la energía geotérmica somera. Estudio de caso de la ciudad de València. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/181878TFG

Time of Arrival and Angle of Arrival Estimation of LTE Signals for Positioning Applications

With the increase of services that need accurate location of the user, new techniques that cooperate with the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) are necessary. Toward this objective, this thesis presents our research work about the estimation of the time of arrival (TOA) and of the angle of arrival (AOA) exploiting modern cellular signals. In particular, we focus on the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard, and in particular uplink and downlink reference signals are exploited to this purposes. The current release of the 3GPP LTE specification supports a UTDOA localization technique based on the Sounding Reference Signal (SRS). In real environments, however, user equipments (UE) are rarely set up to transmit this particular signal. The main original contribution of this thesis consists in a new TOA estimation method based on uplink transmission. In particular, we explore the possibility of performing radio localization exploiting the uplink Demodulation Reference Signal (DM-RS), which is always sent by UEs during data transmission. Real uplink transmissions are modeled in simulations and the performance of known algorithms like SAGE and IAA-APES are evaluated for TOA estimation. A new method to estimate the initial conditions of the SAGE algorithm is proposed and the estimation performance in uplink scenarios is evaluated. The analysis revealed that the proposed method outperforms the non-coherent initial conditions estimation proposed in the literature, when uplink transmission are used. Then, the benefits of our proposal are evaluated and the feasibility of TOA estimation exploiting the DM-RS is demonstrated by means of experiments using real DM-RS signals generated by an LTE module. A second original contribution is given by AOA estimation. In particular, the independence of AOA estimation with respect to uplink and downlink transmission is verified. According to this result, the performance of IAA-APES and SAGE in real-world AOA experiments is evaluated in the downlink scenarios. Based on the overall results, we conclude that the proposed radio localization method, exploiting the uplink Demodulation Reference Signal (DM-RS), can be extended also to joint TOA, AOA using SAGE, for hybrid localization techniques. We can also conclude that the proposed method can be easily extended to downlink transmission exploiting the cell specific reference signal (CRS)

Valores de referência para teste de caminhada de 6 minutos em crianças saudáveis de 7 a 9 anos do Norte brasileiro

O Teste de Caminhada de Seis Minutos é um exame seguro, de fácil execução e baixo custo que é utilizado em larga escala no mundo por refletir de forma mais precisa as atividades de vida diária. Entretanto, não existem estudos com amostras relevantes na região norte do Brasil, com Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano - IDH menor que a média nacional. O presente estudo objetivou estabelecer valores de normalidade para o teste em crianças saudáveis em âmbito escolar. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e prospectivo, que testou 60 crianças de ambos os gêneros, na faixa etária entre 7 e 9 anos, das redes públicas de ensino fundamental da cidade de Coari ”“ Amazonas. A distância percorrida no teste pelas crianças foi em média 439,8±60,9 metros, significativamente abaixo dos valores de referências existentes até o momento. Houve também diferença significativa nas pressões arteriais sistólica e diastólica entre os sexos. Os valores encontrados no estudo referenciam o índice do TC6’ para a região, indicando ser importante a realização de estudos mais específicos para complementação do referencial nessa população

Adult lung function and long-term air pollution exposure. ESCAPE: a multicentre cohort study and meta-analysis.

The chronic impact of ambient air pollutants on lung function in adults is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution with lung function in adult participants from five cohorts in the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Residential exposure to nitrogen oxides (NO\u2082, NOx) and particulate matter (PM) was modelled and traffic indicators were assessed in a standardised manner. The spirometric parameters forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV\u2081) and forced vital capacity (FVC) from 7613 subjects were considered as outcomes. Cohort-specific results were combined using meta-analysis. We did not observe an association of air pollution with longitudinal change in lung function, but we observed that a 10 \u3bcg\ub7m(-3) increase in NO\u2082 exposure was associated with lower levels of FEV\u2081 (-14.0 mL, 95% CI -25.8 to -2.1) and FVC (-14.9 mL, 95% CI -28.7 to -1.1). An increase of 10 \u3bcg\ub7m(-3) in PM10, but not other PM metrics (PM2.5, coarse fraction of PM, PM absorbance), was associated with a lower level of FEV\u2081 (-44.6 mL, 95% CI -85.4 to -3.8) and FVC (-59.0 mL, 95% CI -112.3 to -5.6). The associations were particularly strong in obese persons. This study adds to the evidence for an adverse association of ambient air pollution with lung function in adults at very low levels in Europe